This is a significant moment. The early church was already stretched to an uncomfortable position. The work of God on Paul and Barnabas’ journey left a mostly Jewish church struggling with what to do with Gentile believers in the message and work of Jesus. Further, Peter’s encounter in Acts 10 had them wondering what to think about clean vs unclean. Their desire (rightly) was to do the will of God and to be righteous before Him! However, the question was starting to be raised, “What is most important in righteousness?” The Jews had blurred some lines that missed the mark. They were thinking that it was necessary to obey the law of Moses to be righteous, but now those who hadn’t (the Gentiles) were receiving the Holy Spirit and starting to follow Jesus. Did they need to be circumcised? What other parts of the law had to be followed as a sort of “entrance exam” to Jesus?

As they gather and discuss, the brother of Jesus, James, stands up and settles the matter – the law was impossible to follow and therefore should not burden the Gentiles. Paul will carry this even farther in his letters. So they set up that new believers would be best to follow Jesus teachings, avoid food given to idols, sexual immorality (both a practical thing and a break from sinful ancient worship practices with other gods), and blood. They all agree and the first council is concluded!

After this high point, Paul and Barnabas separate due to a disagreement about John Mark. John Mark had bailed on them in Cyprus (Acts 13:13). Paul didn’t want to bring him along on a second journey in case he bailed again. Barnabas wanted him to come along. So, Paul takes Silas and goes on journey #2. Barnabas and John Mark went back to Cyprus. They will work things out later.